Collection #2 Heather Repetski

This is a picture of a black bear crossing route 321 in Tennessee! I know it was amazing!! this bear is considered an endotherm. meaning warm blooded animal and all mammals are warm blooded. Warm blooded animals like ourselves regulate our own body temperature. When its hot we cool ourselves down, when its cold we use our energy to wrm ourselves up.

These roots you see growing above ground are a great example of an adaptation of a plant. This tree is actually located right next to this waterfall in Tennessee. making the soil it grows in constantly moist and soggy. This treee has adapted to its envrionment and its roots now grow very close to the surface where the soil is dryer and more sturdy.

The Blue starfish near the center of the picture is an echinoderm. This id a creature that lives on the sea bottom or near the abyssal zone. Starfish have tube feet, for movement, protection as well as obtaining food which they eat with their small jaws. teir mouth is also part of there water-vascular system.

This is poison ivy growing up a tree. the leaves of plants have a waxy coating on their leaves to lock in moisture. This is called the cuticle layer of the plant.

This eastern newt is a deuterostome. This means "mouth second" unlike a protostome when the call of the animal is growing it forms the anus then the mouth. In other words the mouth comes second. Most animals with spines are formed this way.

This is a fern. which can be categorized under, pteridophyte. A pteridophyte i s plant that does not produce flowers or seeds but reproduces through spores.

This daddy long leg has an exoskeleton which is almost like a skeleton thats is on the outside of the body. In other animals that have exoskeltons like crabs will molt their skin and replace it with a softer shell that will over time harden.

These 2 pictures are both examples of lepidopteras. They are both scaly winged insects, and have 2 pairs of symetrical wings.
Both moths also have a coiled probiscus from which they suck nectar and food through. (Top-Luna Moth and Bottom-Tuliptree Silkmoth

This is an insect. It has 3 pairs of legs, is segmented into a head, thorax, and abdomen, and has 2 pairs of wings. It belongs to the small anthropod family. I did some research trying to figure out what kind of insect this is, and did not have much luck

This is a cnidarian. It is a simple organism, It has an outer covering called an epidermis, and a inner gastrodermis. Its tentacles and main body have mucus-secreting pores, that give the animal a protective slimy layer.

p.s. I do realize some of this pictures do not have my fingernail in them. I just got back from vacation in TN for a week and we took a trip to the aquarium as well as went hiking up mountains to visit the local waterfalls. Everytime I saw something I thought could be useful for my project i snapped a picture. Unfortunately Heather was a little excited and forgot her nail in the picture but i do have witnesses as well as all of these pictures on my camera if you would like to see them.

Summer Scavenger Hunt Part 2 (I just added it to part one, so part one is under this)

ENDOTHERM: Well these are the two bunny rabbits from Kelsey Kowalski's backyard. We went there after camp and I thought it would be the perfect time to do my AP Bio! Well these bunnies are examples of endothermic animals. An endotherm is a warm-blooded animal that can generate its own heat to maintain its body temperature. The bunnies were cute, but the top one bites! Oh, and that's Bria in the picture. :)

















EXOTHERM: This is the pond in Kelsey's backyard. In the second picture, you can see Dara, attempting to find and torture the froggies...... just kidding, just find them haha. Frogs are examples of exothermic animals. Exotherms are cold-blooded animals and they get their heat from their environment.















ANIMAL THAT HAS A SEGMENTED BODY: In this picture lies a crippled grasshopper because it wouldn't stay still long enough for me to take the picture. Well this grasshopper has a segmented body. It is segmented into a head, thorax, and abdomen.


FRUIT-FLESHY WITH SEED: This is a picture of my crab apple tree that is on the side of my driveway. The second picture is when I smashed it with a cup. When I smashed it, there was some leakage and you can see two little seeds that were inside. Another example of a fruit that is fleshy and has seeds is a tomato.

STIGMA & STYLE OF CARPEL: Well the first picture is of the flower that I took in Mapleton and the second one is when I cropped it and labeled it. The stigma is the receptacle for pollen. The style is the stalk that connects

the stigma with the ovary. The carpel is made up of the female reproductive organs.















GYMNOSPERM CONE: Gymnosperms are seed-bearing vascular plants that are cone shaped. I saw this tree on Mansfield Rd East when I was walking to Mapleton. Male cones are usually small while the female cones are bigger. This is because the males just need to produce the pollen while the females have to produce the seeds.

XYLEM: This plant has a really long stem. Part of this stem is the xylem. The xylem is responsible for transporting water and soluble mineral nutrients from the roots throughout the plant.
























INSECT: This is my insect. It's a cicada!. Well, I was too afraid to take a picture of it even though it was dead, so I took a picture of Kelsey taking a picture of it. Cicadas are the things that make that really annoying sound. It is used as a mating call by the males and sometimes attracts both females and males. Cicadas are insects belonging to the family Cicadidae.

POLLINATOR: That little bee there is a pollinator. A pollinator is an insect that carries pollen from one flower to another. The relationship between the insect and flower is a mutual relationship, meaning both sides benefit. Sorry that my camera pretty much is horrible. I did not want to get any closer to it either.








KERATIN: As you can see, this is my hair, skin, and nails. Keratin is the key structural material that makes up the outer layer of human skin. It also is a key component in the structure of hair and nails. Arthropods sometimes have their exoskeleton made partly of keratin.








PART 1


















COMMENSALISM: These two pictures were taken from the inside of my basement because I could not get a good picture from the outside. These pictures represent commensalism. Commensalism is a relationship between two organisms in which one of them benefit and the other does not benefit or suffer. This is a good example of this because the spiders make the webs on the plants so that they can have a home. It does nothing for the plant though. The plant is unaffected in this relationship.



CONIFER LEAF: As I was walking around my development, I came across this plant. I had to walk through some random person's lawn to get to it. Well this is a conifer leaf. Conifers are trees with needles or scalelike leaves and cones as opposed to broad, flat leaves. Conifers are classified as gymnosperms or plants with naked seeds not enclosed in an ovary.




ARTHROPOD: Here, stuck on my mouse trap, is an arthropod. An arthropod is an animal with a segmented body, exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Spiders are arthropods called arachnids. Arthropods include insects, spiders, millipedes, and crabs.






AUTOTROPH: This plant is an autotroph. An autotroph is any living organism that synthesizes organic substances from inorganic molecules by using light or chemical energy. The plant uses sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars. This is called photosynthesis. Autotrophs are the primary producers in all food chains.







AMYLASE: Amylase is an enzyme that breaks starch down into sugar. Amylase is present in our saliva, where it begins the chemical process of digestion. Foods that contain much starch but little sugar, such as rice and potato, taste slightly sweet as they are chewed because amylase turns some of their starch into sugar in your mouth which is interesting.






EPITHELIAL TISSUE: This is sheets of tightly packed calls that line organs and body cavities as well as external surfaces. The skin and the linings of the various passages inside the body are made of epithelial tissue. It provides a covering for deeper body layers.








MUTUALISM: This is an example of mutualism. Mutualism is a symbiotic relationship where both organisms benefit. The bee and the flower are both benefiting in this picture. That is because the flower is getting its pollen passed from one individual to another. The bee benefits by getting the nectar or pollen. The nectar or pollen are a solid food source.






THORN OF A PLANT: When I saw this, I had to use this as one of my items. These thorns are crazy and they just look painful. A thorn is a branch of a plant that becomes woody, hard and pointed. I would think that the point of thorns is for protection of the plant.








POLLEN: It is kind of cool how you can see my reflection in my phone. ;) Anyway, this is pollen. Pollen is the fine spores that contain male gametes and that are born by an anther in a flowering plant. Pollen is transported by pollinators such as bees or moths.























DECIDUOUS LEAF: This is a deciduous tree/leaf. Being deciduous means that the leaves fall off at maturity and in plants, it is the result of natural processes. It could also mean that the leaves fall off or dry out during a certain season. Well during the winter, these leaves will fall off and grow back later. The leaves will also turn brown.

flora and fauna and fun, oh my! :)

Ectotherm – an animal that does not produce much internal body heat. I have often seen fish in the creek in my backyard, but since the creek is dried up for the summer, I took a picture of our pet betta fish, Garnet; anyway, fish are examples of ectotherms because their body temperatures vary based on the environment that surrounds.








Endotherm – an animal that can control/ regulate its body temperature by controlling the amount of internal heat it produces. The squirrel on the ledge of our mini-deck is a warm-blooded anima

l that can regulate its internal body heat, thereby classifying it as an endotherm.

AP BIO Summer Assignment

Conifer Leaf

This is a type of leaf that is mostly needle or scale leaved. The picture is one of an evergreen tree. As you can see the leaves each hold hundreds of little needle-leaved, creating a branch of the tree. These types of leaves stay green through-out every season, never turning brown or changing color like most trees, during the different seasons.

A Fleshy Fruit With Seeds

Tomato is a fruit that contains seeds inside, these seeds are used to make more plants of their own kind. There are lots of different types of

tomatoes such as plum, cherry, vine, grape, and red round tomatoes. This type is on a vine tomato, as you can see in the picture. The tomato is attached by a thin vine, to the plant, which is then in a pot, in my family's garden.

Angiosperm

This kind of plant, can flower and also bear fruits. The reason it can do both of these things is that, it holds the seeds of the plant inside the plant's ovary.

Basidiomycete

This type of organism can be classified as a fungi. This picture shows that of a group of mushroom, knowing that basidiomycete are a group of sexually produced spores on a basidia, which is the the top of the mushroom right before the umbrella like top grows bigger.

Amylase

This type of enzyme takes apart starch and turns it into sugar. In the picture you see my mouth, because amylase is present in human saliva. Which helps in the process of digestion. Amylase is also present in the pancreas, because it makes amylase to be converted into glucose to makeenergy for the body.

Thorn of a Plant

Thorns are made as a modification to a plant for some sort of reason, mostly to protect them from animals. In my picture it is shows thorns belonging to a rose plant, the reason this plant has turned to use thorns, is so that animal do not eat the roses. Think about when you pick a rose and you have to be careful not to get stabbed by the thorns because they are very painful. The plant wants to keep the flower so they have adapted a way to keep them alive.

Epithelial Tissue

This type of tissue, covers the body and lines theorgans as well. Epithelial tissue also deals with the protection of the body from harmful things, secretion of oils and water from the skins glands, sensation when feeling objects, and absorption of minerals and vitamins that help the body. The picture is of my arm, showing that the epithelial tissue is my skin, it helps protect my body from the suns rays, and from harmful bacteria getting into my body and organs.

Autotroph

An autotroph is an organism that can make its own food, using light and chemical energy. Autotroph use the process of photosynthesis, to convert water, carbon dioxide into sugar for energy and food for the organism. The picture shows moss, which is growing in place of grass in my backyard. This located in a dark area surrounding the garden, usually moist. The moss is growing by itself using photosynthesis.

Gastropod

These animals are usually in the group called mollusks, which means that they have a shell covering their body. Most have a foot for crawling, and have a head with eyes and tentacles. The picture is of three different size conch shells, we got them on vacation in the bahamas. The body of the animal had already left, meaning that someone had taken it out to eat. The shell covers and protects the soft body of the animal from prey, the only to get the animal out it is to use physical force.

Annelid

These organisms have common names such as earthworm, leeches, or rag worms. The photo shows the dirt in which the earthworm would live, underneath in the soil, you would find an earthworm. They have segmented bodies, that hold their organs. Earthworms are hermaphrodites, meaning that they can reproduce asexually. They also are considereddecomposes, since they feed on rootingorganisms.

Adaptation of an Animal

Animals adapt to maintain survival in their environment, whether changing their fur type, beak style, color of fur or skin type, or shape of body parts. The picture shows a frog that has adapted its skin to blend in with the environment, so that the frog can live without being caught and eaten. This type of adaptation is called mimicry adaptation is when an animal adapts to look like a certain object, in this picture the frog is trying to look like bark.

Endotherm

This is a type of animal that can regulate their body temperature, maintaining the temperature at one constant number. They use glands to help rid their body of excess water, but in animals that have fur covering their body, they rely on panting to help rid their body of excess water since they can not sweat through glands.This is a picture of my yellow Labrador Retriever Sassy, she is 12 years old, and most days in the summer you can find her in this position. She heavily relies on panting during the summer, before researching about endotherm, I believed she was doing thisbecause of thirst, but now I understand that she is actually, trying to rid her body of water.

Frond

A frond is a plant that has divided leaves, almost making either side look identical. Usually found on ferns, the leaves of ferns are grown from the stem of the plant. This is a picture of a frond from the fern plant in my backyard, as you can see the leaves line up almost perfectly next to each other.

Carbohydrate-Fibrous

Mostly consist of green vegetables, containing minerals, vitamins, and fiber. The fiber that is found in these vegetables help the bodies digestive track, keeping it clean and healthy. These vegetables are also low in calories, and your body can never have to many of them. The picture is of a green pepper, which is considered a fibrous carbohydrate, another name for this veggie would be a bell pepper. The taste is sweet and not to spicy, like other peppers, people mostly eat these peppers when they are not fully ripe that is why they are green.

Chlorophyta

This type of biological term, can also be referred to as green algae. This is an unicellular organism, that relies on photosynthesis to survive. There is about 6,000 species of this algae in the world. In the picture that was taken at Sea Isle City, NJ. You can see that the algae has grown over all of the rocks that lead out to the water, making it very slipper to try and walk across. Chlorophyta lacks thins that land plants have so, they are classified as more of a simple organism.

Commensalism

This type of relationship is when one organism benefits from another but the that organism is unaffected. This picture shows horses that live together unaffected, but they do affect the insects that live underneath their hooves, in running around the horses move the dirt, thus moving the insects as well. A special bird called a cattle egret eats these insects for meals, if the horses did not stir the ground up releasing the insects then the egrets would not eat. So they are benefitting from the horses, with out doing harm to the actual horses.

Anther & Filament of Stamen

The stamen is the male reproductive organs of a flower, since a flower usual has both male and female parts. In the picture you see the inside of a flower, the yellow long string like organisms are called the filament, at the top of these filaments rest the anther which holds the pollen of the flower. Once the anther opens to release the pollen which is then carried by bees or wind or water to pollinate another flower to help it grow.

Deciduous Leaf

This type of leaf has one characteristic that most people can identify with is that these leaves turn colors in the fall and loose their leaves in the winter. But during the spring sometimes they spring flowers and keep their beautiful green shade all through summer. The process of them losing their leaves is called abscission. In the picture I took on of the many deciduous trees I have located around my house, that always loose their leaves in the fall, creating lots of raking to do. But they look nice once spring comes around and they blossom.

Cnidarian

This type of organism is mostly know as jelly fish. I know you are wondering why I put a picture of a turtle as the image, but what I researched about Cnidarian is that turtle eat them, so I figured you might be able to find a little bit of that in its tummy. Cnidarian organisms have over 9,000 different species all living in the water, mostly in oceans so that they can eat the coral and algae to stay alive. The jelly substance in the organism is actually non-living, but because it is between epithelial tissue, the jelly fish is alive. The "stingers" that happen to hurt you when swimming are called polyp and are actually apart of their mouth.

Insect

These animals have three main characteristics which include three pair of jointed legs, two antennas, and compound eyes. Having over a million different species makes them one of the most prominent type of animal. For reproduction these type of animals lay eggs, that have to hatch, but they must go through stages which is called molting, this basically means they are changing their skins. The picture is of a praying mantis, that I found when I went to turn on my hose, to water my mother's plants. So I took a picture thinking that it was perfect for bio. The praying mantis is an insect with over 2,200 different species of its own kind. These insects can camouflage their bodies to stay away from being eaten or harmed. As you can see in the picture the mantis is a light brown color to blend in with my houses' siding. A funnycharacteristic of these insects is that when mating the female will actually bite the head of the male off. After she has received his sperm to reproduce.